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First, a transformer is used to change the voltage from the power supply to a voltage on the secondary or various other types of voltages. These are selected according to the application for which the power supply will be used.

然后變壓器的次級連接到所謂的整流器。整流器由二極管組成，將交流(50或60赫茲)轉換為DC(0赫茲)。每次交流波形越過其過零點時，都有一段時間整流器完全關閉。這導致寄生交流分量是整流器后電源頻率的兩倍。這種波形稱為波紋。

The secondary of the transformer is then connected to the so-called rectifier. The rectifier consists of diodes that convert AC (50 or 60 Hz) to DC (0 Hz). Each time the AC waveform crosses its zero crossing point, the rectifier is completely closed for a period of time. This results in a parasitic AC component that is twice the power frequency after the rectifier. This waveform is called ripple.

整流后使用電容器目的是儲能和濾波。當整流器中的二極管正向偏置時，它們給電容器充電。在過零期間，整流器停止導通，從而停止向電容器提供電流。此時，電容器成為電力負載的唯 一電流源，并開始緩慢放電。當它們放電時，輸出電壓開始下降，直到下一個導通周期。整流后增加電容的過程減少了紋波，提高了DC電壓。雖然一些波紋已經減少，但請記住，由于這些充電和放電循環，它仍然存在。

After rectification, capacitors are used for energy storage and filtering. When the diodes in the rectifier are forward biased, they charge the capacitor. During zero crossing, the rectifier stops conducting, thereby stopping the supply of current to the capacitor. At this time, the capacitor becomes the only current source of the power load and begins to discharge slowly. When they discharge, the output voltage begins to drop until the next conduction cycle. The process of increasing capacitance after rectification reduces ripple and improves DC voltage. Although some ripple has been reduced, remember that it still exists due to these charge and discharge cycles.

添加存儲電容后產生紋波

Ripple after adding storage capacitor

這就引出了電力電容器的二個應用，即濾波。當從DC軌接地時，電容通過形成所謂的低通濾波器進行濾波。的基本一階低通濾波器如下：

This leads to two applications of power capacitors, namely filtering. When grounded from the DC rail, the capacitance is filtered by forming a so-called low-pass filter. The basic first-order low-pass filter is as follows:

通常用于電源的一階低通濾波器

First order low-pass filter commonly used in power supply

由于電容器的阻抗在接近DC時較高，在接近高頻時較低，因此高頻通過低于截止頻率的大部分頻率分流到地。截止頻率，也叫轉折頻率，可以定義為fc=1/(2RC)，是一個幅度降低3dB的頻率。

Since the impedance of the capacitor is higher near DC and lower near high frequency, the high frequency is shunted to ground through most of the frequencies lower than the cut-off frequency. The cut-off frequency, also known as the turning frequency, can be defined as FC = 1 / (2RC), which is a frequency with an amplitude reduction of 3dB.

由于在該應用中需要高頻電容，電源電容器通常是電解電容器。容量越高，截止頻率越低;紋波衰減得越多。電解質基本上使用流體作為電 極，因此該流體開始變干，增加了串聯電阻并降低了部件的電容。這通過將截止頻率向上移動以及降低其衰減較高頻率噪聲的能力來降低低通的有效性。電容的減小也阻止它在非導通期間存儲足夠的電荷。結果是更高的紋波和更低的直流電壓，兩者都會在更高的輸出電流下惡化。造成音響設備、嗡嗡聲，高頻噪聲，動態損失，輸出功率降低，以及良好的聲音

Since high frequency capacitors are required in this application, power capacitors are usually electrolytic capacitors. The higher the capacity, the lower the cut-off frequency; The more ripple attenuation. The electrolyte basically uses a fluid as an electrode, so the fluid begins to dry, increasing the series resistance and reducing the capacitance of the component. This reduces the effectiveness of the low-pass by moving the cut-off frequency upward and reducing its ability to attenuate higher frequency noise. The reduction of capacitance also prevents it from storing enough charge during non conduction. The result is higher ripple and lower DC voltage, both of which deteriorate at higher output current. Cause sound equipment, buzzing, high-frequency noise, dynamic loss, reduced output power, and good sound