一、系統(tǒng)敘述
1、 Systematic narration
廣播音響系統(tǒng)涉及面很廣，從、學(xué)校、賓館、車站、碼頭、廣場(chǎng)到會(huì)場(chǎng)、影劇院、體育館等無(wú)不與之有密切關(guān)系。
The broadcasting sound system covers a wide range, from shopping malls, schools, hotels, stations, docks, squares to venues, cinemas and gymnasiums.
1.1在民用建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)中，廣播系統(tǒng)可分為以下幾類：
1.1 in civil building engineering design, broadcasting system can be divided into the following categories:
A、面向公眾區(qū)（、車站、碼頭、、餐廳、走廊、教室等）和停車場(chǎng)等的公共廣播系統(tǒng)。
A. Public address system for public areas (shopping malls, stations, docks, shopping malls, restaurants, corridors, classrooms, etc.) and parking lots.
這種系統(tǒng)主要用于語(yǔ)音廣播，因此清晰度是首要的。而且，這種系統(tǒng)往往平時(shí)進(jìn)行背景音樂(lè)廣播，在出現(xiàn)災(zāi)害或緊急情況時(shí)，又可轉(zhuǎn)換為緊急廣播。
This system is mainly used for voice broadcasting, so clarity is the first. Moreover, this system often carries out background music broadcasting at ordinary times, and can be converted to emergency broadcasting in case of disaster or emergency.
B、面向賓館客房的廣播音響系統(tǒng)。
B. Broadcast sound system for hotel rooms.
這種系統(tǒng)包括客房音響廣播和緊急廣播，常由設(shè)在客房中的床頭柜放送，客房廣播含有多個(gè)可供自由選擇的波段，在緊急廣播時(shí)，客房廣播即自動(dòng)中斷，自動(dòng)切換為緊急廣播。
This system includes guest room audio broadcasting and emergency broadcasting, which are often broadcast by the bedside table in the guest room. The guest room broadcasting contains multiple freely selectable bands. In case of emergency broadcasting, the guest room broadcasting is automatically interrupted and automatically switched to emergency broadcasting.
C、以禮堂、劇場(chǎng)、體育館為代表的廳堂擴(kuò)聲系統(tǒng)。
C. Hall sound reinforcement system represented by auditorium, theater and gymnasium.
這是性較強(qiáng)的擴(kuò)聲系統(tǒng)，它不僅要考慮電聲技術(shù)問(wèn)題，還要涉及建筑聲學(xué)問(wèn)題。兩者都要統(tǒng)籌兼顧，不可偏廢，這類廣播系統(tǒng)往往有綜合性多用途的要求，不僅可供會(huì)場(chǎng)語(yǔ)言擴(kuò)聲使用，還常用于文藝演出等，對(duì)于大型現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演出的音響系統(tǒng)，電功率少則幾萬(wàn)，多的達(dá)數(shù)十萬(wàn)瓦，故要用大功率的揚(yáng)聲器和功率放大器，在系統(tǒng)的配置和器材選用方面有一定的要求，同時(shí)應(yīng)注意電力線路的負(fù)荷問(wèn)題。
This is a professional sound reinforcement system. It should consider not only electroacoustic technology, but also architectural acoustics. Both of them should be taken into account. Such broadcasting systems often have comprehensive and multi-purpose requirements, which can not only be used for language amplification at the venue, but also for literary and artistic performances. For the sound system of large-scale live performances, the electric power is tens of thousands of Watts at least, and hundreds of thousands of Watts at most, so high-power speakers and power amplifiers should be used, There are certain requirements for system configuration and equipment selection, and attention should be paid to the load of power lines.
D、面向會(huì)議室、報(bào)告廳等的廣播音響系統(tǒng)。
D. Broadcast sound system for conference room, lecture hall, etc.
這類系統(tǒng)一般也是設(shè)置成公共廣播提供的背景音樂(lè)和緊急廣播兩用的系統(tǒng)，但因其特殊性故也常在會(huì)議室和報(bào)告廳單獨(dú)設(shè)置會(huì)議廣播系統(tǒng)。對(duì)要求較高或國(guó)際會(huì)議廳，還需另行設(shè)計(jì)諸如同聲傳譯系統(tǒng)，會(huì)議表決系統(tǒng)以及大屏幕投影電視等的專用視聽(tīng)系統(tǒng)。
This kind of system is generally set up as a dual-purpose system for background music and emergency broadcasting provided by public broadcasting. However, due to its particularity, it is often set up a separate conference broadcasting system in the conference room and lecture hall. For high demand or international conference halls, special audio-visual systems such as simultaneous interpretation system, conference voting system and large screen projection TV need to be designed.
從上面介紹可知，對(duì)于各種大樓、賓館及其他民用建筑物的廣播音響系統(tǒng)，基本上可以歸納為三種類型：
It can be seen from the above introduction that the broadcast sound system of various buildings, hotels and other civil buildings can be basically divided into three types:
一是公共廣播系統(tǒng)（PublicAddressSystem簡(jiǎn)稱PA），這種是有線廣播系統(tǒng)，它包括背景音樂(lè)和緊急廣播功能，通常結(jié)合在一起，平時(shí)播放背景音樂(lè)或其他節(jié)目，出現(xiàn)火災(zāi)等緊急事故時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換為報(bào)警廣播。這種系統(tǒng)中的廣播用的話筒與向公眾廣播的揚(yáng)聲器一般不處同一房間內(nèi)，故無(wú)聲反饋的問(wèn)題，并以定壓式傳輸方式為其典型系統(tǒng)；二是廳堂擴(kuò)聲系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)使用音響設(shè)備，并要求有大功率的揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)和功放，由于傳聲器與擴(kuò)聲用的揚(yáng)聲器同處于一個(gè)廳堂內(nèi)，故存在聲反饋乃嘯叫的問(wèn)題，且因其距離較短，所以系統(tǒng)一般采用低阻直接傳輸方式；三是專用的會(huì)議系統(tǒng)，它雖也屬擴(kuò)聲系統(tǒng)，但有其特殊要求，如同聲傳譯系統(tǒng)等。
First, the public address system Public address system (PA for short) is a wired broadcasting system, which includes background music and emergency broadcasting functions. It is usually combined to play background music or other programs at ordinary times. In case of fire and other emergencies, it will be converted to alarm broadcasting. The microphone for broadcasting in this system is generally not in the same room as the speaker for public broadcasting, so silent feedback is necessary The constant pressure transmission mode is taken as its typical system; The second is the hall sound reinforcement system. This system uses professional sound equipment and requires high-power speaker system and power amplifier. Since the microphone and the loudspeaker for sound reinforcement are in the same hall, there are problems of sound feedback and even howling. Due to its short distance, the system generally adopts low resistance direct transmission mode; The third is a special conference system. Although it is also a sound reinforcement system, it has its special requirements, such as an audio interpretation system.
1.2廣播音響系統(tǒng)的組成
1.2 composition of broadcast sound system
不管哪一種廣播音響系統(tǒng)，都可以基本分為四個(gè)部分：節(jié)目源設(shè)備、信號(hào)的放大和處理設(shè)備、傳輸線路和揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)。
No matter what kind of broadcast sound system, it can be basically divided into four parts: program source equipment, signal amplification and processing equipment, transmission line and speaker system.
節(jié)目源設(shè)備：節(jié)目源通常為無(wú)線電廣播，激光唱機(jī)和錄音卡座等設(shè)備提供，此外還有傳聲器、電子樂(lè)器等。
Program source equipment: the program source is usually provided for radio broadcasting, CD player, recording card holder and other equipment, as well as microphone, electronic musical instrument, etc.
信號(hào)放大和處理設(shè)備：包括調(diào)音臺(tái)、前置放大器、功率放大器和各種控制器及音響加工設(shè)備等。
Signal amplification and processing equipment: including mixer, preamplifier, power amplifier, various controllers and audio processing equipment.
這部分設(shè)備的首要任務(wù)是信號(hào)放大，其次是信號(hào)的選擇。調(diào)音臺(tái)和前置放大器作用和地位相似（當(dāng)然調(diào)音臺(tái)的功能和性能指標(biāo)更高），它們的基本功能是完成信號(hào)的選擇和前置放大，此外還坦負(fù)音量和音響效果進(jìn)行各種調(diào)整和控制。有時(shí)為了更好地進(jìn)行頻率均衡和音色美化，還另外單獨(dú)投入圖示均衡器。這部分是整個(gè)廣播音響系統(tǒng)的“控制中心”。功率放大器則將前置放大器或調(diào)音臺(tái)送來(lái)的信號(hào)進(jìn)行功率放大，再通過(guò)傳輸線去推動(dòng)揚(yáng)聲器放聲。
The primary task of this part of equipment is signal amplification, followed by signal selection. The function and status of the mixer and preamplifier are similar (of course, the function and performance index of the mixer are higher). Their basic function is to complete the signal selection and pre amplification. In addition, they also adjust and control the volume and sound effect. Sometimes, in order to better balance the frequency and beautify the sound color, they also input the graphic equalizer separately. This part is the "control center" of the whole broadcast sound system 。 The power amplifier amplifies the signal sent by the preamplifier or mixer, and then pushes the speaker to play through the transmission line.
傳輸線路雖然簡(jiǎn)單，但隨著系統(tǒng)和傳輸方式的不同而有不同的要求。對(duì)禮堂、劇場(chǎng)等，由于功率放大器與揚(yáng)聲器的距離不遠(yuǎn)，一般采用低阻大電流的直接饋送方式，傳輸線要求用專用喇叭線，而對(duì)公共廣播系統(tǒng)，由于服務(wù)區(qū)域廣，距離長(zhǎng)，為了減少傳輸線路引起的損耗，往往采用高壓傳輸方式，由于傳輸電流小，故對(duì)傳輸線要求不高。
Although the transmission line is simple, it has different requirements with different systems and transmission modes. For auditoriums, theatres, etc., due to the short distance between the power amplifier and the speaker, the direct feeding mode of low resistance and high current is generally adopted, and the special speaker line is required for the transmission line. For the public address system, due to the wide service area and long distance, in order to reduce the loss caused by the transmission line, the high-voltage transmission mode is often adopted, because the transmission current is small, Therefore, the requirements for transmission lines are not high.
揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)：揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)要求整個(gè)系統(tǒng)要匹配，同時(shí)其位置的選擇也要切合實(shí)際。禮堂、劇場(chǎng)、歌舞廳音色、音質(zhì)要求高，而揚(yáng)聲器一般用大功率音箱；而公共廣播系統(tǒng)，由于它對(duì)音色要求不是那么高，一般用3W—6W天花喇叭即好。
Speaker system: the speaker system requires the whole system to be matched, and the selection of its position should also be practical. Auditorium, theater and song and dance hall have high requirements for timbre and sound quality, while speakers generally use high-power speakers; The public address system, because it does not require so high timbre, generally uses 3W-6W ceiling speakers.
1.3廣播系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)
1.3 characteristics of broadcasting system
背景音樂(lè)簡(jiǎn)稱BGM，是BackGroundMusic的縮寫(xiě)，它的主要作用是掩蓋噪聲并創(chuàng)造一種輕松和諧的氣氛，聽(tīng)的人若不專心聽(tīng)，就不能辨別其聲源位置，音量較小，是一種能創(chuàng)造輕松愉快環(huán)境氣氛的音樂(lè)。
Background music, abbreviated as BGM, is the abbreviation of backgroundmusic. Its main function is to cover up the noise and create a relaxed and harmonious atmosphere. If the listener doesn't pay attention, he can't distinguish the sound source position. The volume is small. It is a kind of music that can create a relaxed and pleasant environment atmosphere.
因此， 背景音樂(lè)的效果有兩個(gè)，一是心理上掩蓋環(huán)境噪聲，二是創(chuàng)造與室內(nèi)環(huán)境相適應(yīng)的氣氛，它在賓館、酒店、餐廳、、醫(yī)院、辦公樓等廣泛的應(yīng)用。樂(lè)曲應(yīng)是抒情風(fēng)格的或是輕松的，強(qiáng)烈激性的樂(lè)曲是不適宜。
Therefore, background music has two effects: one is to cover up the environmental noise psychologically, and the other is to create an atmosphere suitable for the indoor environment. It is widely used in hotels, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, hospitals, office buildings and so on. The music should be lyrical or relaxed, and strong and exciting music is not suitable.
背景音樂(lè)不是立體聲，而是單聲道音樂(lè)，這是因?yàn)榱Ⅲw聲要求能分辨出聲源方位，并且有縱深感，而背景音樂(lè)則是不專心聽(tīng)就意識(shí)不到聲音從何處來(lái)，并不希望為人感覺(jué)出聲源的位置，以要求把聲源隱蔽起來(lái)，而音量要較輕，以不影響兩人對(duì)面講話為原則。
Background music is not stereo, but mono music. This is because stereo requires to be able to distinguish the direction of the sound source and have a deep sense of depth. However, background music can't realize where the sound comes from without paying attention. It doesn't want people to feel the position of the sound source. It even requires that the sound source be hidden and the volume should be light, so as not to affect the two people's face-to-face speech.
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